Short communication - Comparative study on peste des petits ruminants seroconversion level in sheep in Sudan.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is endemic to Sudan. It is considered as a priority disease in the list of transboundary animal diseases (TADs). The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of the detection of PPR antibodies by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) in naturally infected or vaccinated sheep. Sera were collected from 3,186 sheep from flocks located in six states of Sudan and additionally 100 sheep were vaccinated with a PPR homologous vaccine (produced locally) in a quarantine station. The percentages of PPR antibody-positive sera from the field varied between 72% and 100%, according to state. All sheep vaccinated in the quarantine station were PPR-seropositive. This study shows, first, that the percentages of PPR-seropositive animals were all very high, whether naturally infected or vaccinated. It also shows the reliability of the cELISA test used in this study.

La peste des petits ruminants (PPR) est présente au Soudan à l'état endémique. Elle est considérée comme une maladie prioritaire parmi celles de la liste des maladies animales transfrontalières (TAD). Les auteurs présentent une étude visant à évaluer la fiabilité d'une épreuve immuno-enzymatique de compétition (cELISA) pour la détection d'anticorps dirigés contre le virus de la PPR chez des ovins infectés naturellement ou vaccinés. Des échantillons sériques ont été prélevés sur 3 186 ovins provenant de troupeaux de six provinces du Soudan ; en outre, 100 ovins ont été vaccinés contre le virus de la PPR dans une station de quarantaine en utilisant un vaccin homologue (produit localement). Le pourcentage de sérums de terrain dans lesquels des anticorps dirigés contre le virus de la PPR ont été détectés variait de 72 % à 100 % suivant les provinces. Tous les ovins vaccinés dans la station de quarantaine ont donné un résultat positif au test sérologique. Cette étude a révélé un pourcentage très élevé d'animaux possédant des anticorps contre la PPR, tant chez les animaux infectés naturellement que chez les animaux vaccinés. Elle a également démontré la fiabilité de l'épreuve cELISA utilisée dans l'étude.

La peste de los pequeños rumiantes (PPR), endémica en el Sudán, tiene consideración de enfermedad prioritaria en la lista de enfermedades animales transfronterizas. Los autores describen un estudio encaminado a evaluar la fiabilidad del ensayo enzimoinmunoanálisis de competición (ELISAc) como método de detección de anticuerpos contra el virus de la PPR en ovejas vacunadas o infectadas por vía natural. En primer lugar, se obtuvieron muestras de suero de 3.186 ejemplares de rebaños ovinos situados en seis estados sudaneses y se administró a otras 100 ovejas una vacuna anti-PPR homóloga (de producción local) en un centro de cuarentena. Después se determinó el porcentaje de sueros positivos (con anticuerpos) de entre las muestras obtenidas sobre el terreno, que oscilaba entre un 72% y un 100%, según el estado. Todas las ovejas vacunadas en el centro de cuarentena fueron seropositivas. El estudio mostró, en primer lugar, que los porcentajes de animales seropositivos eran siempre muy altos, ya se tratara de ovejas vacunadas o de animales infectados por vía natural. Asimismo, puso de manifiesto la fiabilidad de la técnica de ELISAc empleada en el estudio.

Synthesis of recyclable carbon/lignin biocomposite sorbent for in-situ uptake of BTX contaminants from wastewater.

In this work, both palm-date pits and pulping black liquor industrial wastes were recycled as low-cost starting materials for the production of three series of granule activated carbon (gAC)/Kraft lignin (KL) (gAC/KLx, x = 33, 50 and 67%) biocomposites using a one-pot solid-state method. The gAC/KLx biocomposites with defined characteristics were examined towards batch adsorption of BTX (Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene) in multi-solute salty wastewaters. Optimization of adsorption performances under different experimental conditions were carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Adsorption modeling versus contact time (0-12 h) and BTX concentrations (150-2250 mg/L) were examined using non-linear forms of nine kinetic and five isotherm equations to best understand gAC/KL0.5 suitability for BTX sorption/recovery processing. Accordingly, the gAC/KLx at KL blended ratio of 50% was found to be the topmost to achieve the highest BTX capacity even at broad ranges of water salinity (0-100 g/L) and pH (3-9) values. The adsorption mechanism found to best described by physico-sorption (E ≈ 0.12-1.38 kJ/mol) via the hydrophobic interaction and diffusion mechanisms. In respect to gAC/KL0.5 affinities, the sorption capacity followed the descending sequence of X ≥ T > B. Particularly, the maximum theoretical BTX capacity using the best fitted Langmuir-Freundlich model (L-FM) for gAC/KL0.5 was found to be slightly higher than obtained by gAC (363.9 and 360.1 mg/g, respectively), along with higher initial sorption (h) rate (≈742.47 mg/g.h) than of gAC (≈559.85 mg/g.h) and KL (≈22.22 mg/g.h). Batch BTX sorption/recovery processes and estimated cost suggested the effective utilization of gAC/KL0.5 as a promising in-expensive sorbent (0.31 ±â€¯0.05 US$/kg) for commercial decontamination of petroleum hazardous (BTX) pollutants from wastewaters up to five reuse cycles.

New pathways driving the experimental hepatoprotective action of tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) against acute hepatotoxicity.

PURPOSE: In absence of liver protective drugs, a large number of hepatopathies may arise during drug administration. This study was executed to investigate the possible new pathways underlying the hepatoprotective effect of Tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl), following oral administration of carbon tetrachloride in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty albino mice were randomized into 3 equal groups. The duration of study was 28 days. The groups were classified as follows: Group I (healthy control): received saline, in the same volume of CCl4 dose, daily, orally, for 14 days, then sacrificed. Group II: received CCl4, as a single oral dose only, of 1 ml/kg body weight, dissolved in olive oil (1:1 v/v), the animals of this group were sacrificed 14 days after CCl4 single dose intoxication. Group III (protective Tempol treated): received a single dose of Tempol, 20mg/kg, orally, daily for 14 days. Two hours after the last Tempol dose, animals of group III received a single oral dose of CCl4. Fourteen days later, animals were scarified to collect blood and liver tissues for analysis. Tempol pretreatment significantly captured elevated levels of ALT and AST activities, lipid peroxidation, total bilirubin and increased total thiol and catalase contents. Notably, it significantly reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Caspase-3 and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) inositol-requiring enzyme 1(IRE1) mRNAs, which is an ER trans membrane sensor that activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to maintain the ER and cellular function. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with Tempol has potential hepatoprotective effects against acute liver injury, induced by CCl4, through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.